Robles v. Domino's Pizza — ADA Web Accessibility (foundational for AI accessibility claims)
9th Cir. · Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122
While predating modern generative AI, the Ninth Circuit's 2019 Robles v. Domino's ruling — followed by Supreme Court cert. denial — established that ADA Title III applies to web and mobile apps that interact with brick-and-mortar services. The decision is now the doctrinal anchor for AI chatbot and voice-assistant accessibility claims.
Technical detail
Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122 (2019). Held: ADA Title III covers websites and mobile apps connected to physical places of public accommodation; lack of clear DOJ rules does not defeat the duty.
Who is protected: Disabled users of websites, apps, AI chatbots, and voice assistants
Who must comply: Businesses operating public-accommodation websites or AI interfaces
Key facts
| Jurisdiction | 9th Cir. |
|---|---|
| Level | Federal |
| Status | In effect |
| Protection strength | Moderate protection |
| Effective date | 2019-10-07 |
| Citation | Robles v. Domino's Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 122 |
| Topics | consumer protection · AI disclosure and transparency |
| Last verified | 2026-06-17 |
| Official source | Robles v. Domino's — CourtListener 9th Cir. opinion ↗ |
Related consumer protection rules elsewhere
- FTC Act Section 5 (unfair/deceptive AI) · In effect
- TAKE IT DOWN Act · In effect
- FCRA (AI in credit & background checks) · In effect
- ECOA / Regulation B (AI credit discrimination) · In effect
- COPPA + 2025 Rule (childrens data) · In effect
- TCPA (AI voice calls) · In effect
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