North Dakota Stalking by Robot (HB 1429, 12.1-17-07.1)
North Dakota · N.D. Cent. Code 12.1-17-07.1; 2025 N.D. Laws (HB 1429)
North Dakota extended its stalking law to cover stalking carried out with a 'robot,' including artificial intelligence systems. This reaches conduct such as using a robot to track a person without authorization. The change makes clear that automated or AI-driven tools cannot be used as a workaround to stalk someone.
Technical detail
HB 1429 amended N.D. Cent. Code 12.1-17-07.1 to apply the stalking offense to conduct carried out by a 'robot' (including AI), such as unauthorized tracking of an individual.
Who is protected: Any person targeted by stalking conduct, including unauthorized tracking, carried out through a robot or AI system.
Who must comply: Any person in North Dakota.
Key facts
| Jurisdiction | North Dakota |
|---|---|
| Level | State |
| Status | In effect |
| Protection strength | Limited protection |
| Effective date | 2025-08-01 |
| Enacted | 2025-04-24 |
| Citation | N.D. Cent. Code 12.1-17-07.1; 2025 N.D. Laws (HB 1429) |
| Enforced by | North Dakota law enforcement and prosecutors; North Dakota courts. |
| Penalties | Misdemeanor or felony depending on the circumstances; stalking is generally a class A misdemeanor, and a class C felony for repeat offenses or where aggravating factors apply. |
| Topics | consumer data privacy · consumer protection |
| Last verified | 2026-06-16 |
| Official source | North Dakota Century Code 12.1-17-07.1 (Stalking) / HB 1429 ↗ |
More AI rules in North Dakota
- ND Sexually Explicit Deepfake Law · In effect
- ND HB 1613 (drone evidence limits extended to robots; no armed police robots) · In effect
- ND 12.1-17-07 (using a robot/AI to harass is a crime) · In effect
- ND HB 1167 (political ads using AI to impersonate must say so) · In effect
- ND HB 1386 (CSAM laws cover computer-generated/AI images of minors) · In effect
Related consumer data privacy rules elsewhere
- TAKE IT DOWN Act · In effect
- FCRA (AI in credit & background checks) · In effect
- COPPA + 2025 Rule (childrens data) · In effect
- TCPA (AI voice calls) · In effect
- DEFIANCE Act (deepfake-porn civil suits) · Proposed / pending
- CCPA/CPRA + ADMT Regulations · In effect
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